Does the issue only occur on Android? If possible, can you see if there are any errors or similar when running the project on Android through the console/logging on the Android device? That might help if it gives a warning or similar.
I do not have an Android device currently, but my guess is that it could be something like you mentioned with Mac and the microphone settings.
What I might suggest doing is making the project save a packet/chunk of microphone data to the Android device and then see if A: it is larger and non understandable and B: see if you can open it in something like Audiacity, to see if it contains audio data.
If you can open it in Audacity, my guess would be that it's a different audio mix rate (probably higher quality? That would explain the larger size) than the project settings are expecting and so when it tries to read the audio data, it comes out as non-understandable data.
That is what I would try at least if I was trying to debug this.
