I've read some posts about Godot multithreading, but it's not the same thing as multiprocessing, or is it?
GDScript has actual Thread primitives which will run on any CPU thread made available by the system. There's no GIL like in Python that would hamper this. That said, note that debugging in threads isn't supported yet.
C# also has threading primitives which you can use in Godot projects.
Also: if "OS.execute(args)" is executed in a thread, will the process be spawned on another core?
This can be done even without using a thread. However, you'll need to make the execution non-blocking in this case. If you use a thread, then you can still make the execution blocking. It's up to the OS to make each process run on a CPU core. You can't really control it yourself, except by setting the CPU affinity. Such is the nature of OS-provided core scheduling.